Protected: POCUS Atlas: DVT

Diagnostics and Likelihood Ratios, Explained

Positive Findings (Patient Has This)

Finding Increased Disease Probability (Positive Likelihood Ratio)
Positive proximal CUS, complete CUS, or color flow duplex US 30.03
Note: accuracy of ultrasound is operator-dependent. Reported LRs may not be reproducible by an inexperienced sonographer.

Negative Findings (Patient Doesn't Have This)

Finding Decreased Disease Probability (Negative Likelihood Ratio)
Negative proximal CUS, complete CUS, or color flow duplex US 0.04
Note: accuracy of ultrasound is operator-dependent. Reported LRs may not be reproducible by an inexperienced sonographer.

Narrative

This was a meta-analysis including 16 studies (n=2379) evaluating the operating characteristics of emergency physician (EP) performed ultrasound for the diagnosis of DVT. The providers used color-flow duplex ultrasound in two studies, proximal venous ultrasound in 13 studies (not looking at the calf), and whole-leg venous ultrasound in one study. Reference standard was radiology department ultrasound, vascular lab, or angiography. Considering only high quality studies which met QUADAS-2 Criteria (11 out of 16 initially selected studies), the sensitivity and specificity improved to 97.6% and 96.8% respectively.

Caveats

Note: accuracy of ultrasound is operator-dependent. Reported LRs may not be reproducible by an inexperienced sonographer.

Published in collaboration with The POCUS Atlas

Author

John F Kilpatrick, MD

Published/Updated

June 18, 2018

What are Likelihood Ratios?

LR, pretest probability and posttest (or posterior) probability are daunting terms that describe simple concepts that we all intuitively understand.

Let's start with pretest probability: that's just a fancy term for my initial impression, before we perform whatever test it is that we're going to use.

For example, a patient with prior stents comes in sweating and clutching his chest in agony, I have a pretty high suspicion that he's having an MI – let's say, 60%. That is my pretest probability.

He immediately gets an ECG (known here as the "test") showing an obvious STEMI.

Now, I know there are some STEMI mimics, so I'm not quite 100%, but based on my experience I'm 99.5% sure that he's having an MI right now. This is my posttest probability - the new impression I have that the patient has the disease after we did our test.

And likelihood ration? That's just the name for the statistical tool that converted the pretest probability to the posttest probability - it's just a mathematical description of the strength of that test.

Using an online calculator, that means the LR+ that got me from 60% to 99.5% is 145, which is about as high an LR you can get (and the actual LR for an emergency physician who thinks an ECG shows an obvious STEMI).

(Thank you to Seth Trueger, MD for this explanation!)